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What is Operating System?

      An Operating System is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware. In other words “The software that controls the hardware”. Some examples of operating systems are UNIX, Mach, MS-Dos, Ms-windows, Windows/NT, OS/2, MacOS, VMS, MUS and VM.

     An Operating system exploits the hardware resources of one or more processors to provide a set of services to system users. The operating system also manages secondary memory and I/O devices on behalf of its users. Controlling the computer involves software at several levels. We will differentiate kernel services, library services, and application-level services, all of which are part of operating system. Process run Application, which are linked together with libraries perform standard services. The kernel supports the processes by providing a path to the peripheral devises. The kernel responds to service calls from the process and interrupts from the devices. The kernel responds to service calls from the processes and interrupts from the devices. The core of the operating system is the kernel, a control program that functions in privileged state (an execution context the allows all hardware instructions to be executed) reacting to interrupts from external devices and to service requests and traps from processes. Generally, the kernel is permanent resident of the computer. It creates and terminates processes and responds to their request for service. Operating systems are resource managers. The main resource is computer hardware in the form of processors, storage, input/output devices, communication devices and data.


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What is Information ?

Information  can be defined as data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to the recipient and is of real or perceived value in current of prospective decisions.
 or
Information refers to an input of data processing which is organized and meaningful to the person who receives it.

In general, the planning information requirements of executives can be categorized into three broad categories. Which are as follows:
  •  Environmental Information
  •  Competitive Information
  •  Internal Information

 Environmental Information

  1. Government Policies: Information about concessions, benefits, government policies in respect of tax concessions of for any other aspect, which may be useful to an organization in the future period.
  2. Factors of Production: Information related with source, cost, location, availability, accessibility and productivity of the major factors of production. viz Capital, Labor, Material etc.
  3. Technological Environment: Forecast of any technological changes in the industry and the probable effect of it on the firm.
  4. Economic trends: It includes information relating to economic indicators like consumers disposable income, employment, productivity, capital investment etc.

Competitive Information:

  1. Industry demand: Demand forecast of the industry in respect of the product manufactured and in the area in which the firm used to be operating.
  2. Firm Demand: Assessment of the firms product demand in the specified market. It also includes an assessment of firm's capability to meet firm's demand.
  3. The competitive data: Data of compelling firm for forecasting and making decision and plans to achieve the forecast.

Internal Information:

It includes the information concerning concern's are:
  1. Sales forecast
  2. The financial plan/budget
  3. Supply factors, 
  4. Policies, which are vital for subsidiary planning at all levels in the organization.

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What is Information Technology?

Definitions of Information technology (IT)


It is a branch of engineering dealing with the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones.


Information is s vital resource in development activities of any society. All our economic and social progress depends very significantly in the transfer of commercial, scientific and technical information. People in different situations require information on a subject in different forms and with different emphasis.


Information is obtained through processing of data. The storage, retrieval and processing of data become the essential resource for all economic and social exchanges. Data is the recording of any meaningful event in any understandable form. The methods used to collect and store the data, process the data into information and communicate the information all over the world is Information Technology.


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